Working Memory, the Workhorse

We constantly use active working memory skills. Every time we solve a problem, we use working memory skills. Every time a student solves a math problem, he or she depends heavily on his or her working memory capabilities. For example, when solving a math problem, a student must simultaneously read the problem, remember what it says and asks for, remember math facts and algorithms, remember how to formulate answers to questions and understand the vocabulary presented in the problem. If any one of these steps is missing, the student will meet with difficulty in solving the problem. Proper instruction with good scaffolding can help students who are having challenges with problem solving.

Memory demands are more intense for middle schoolers than for adults since adults have already acquired much of the knowledge and skills they need to function successfully. New knowledge, such as technological knowledge which changes rapidly, is often built on existing knowledge making it easier for adults to grasp the new information. Students, on the other hand, are besieged daily with new knowledge in multiple subject areas, which may or may not interest them. Social interactions, sports and extracurricular activities all require learning and remembering new skills. Problems arise if students have difficulty with active working memory as they can forget what they are doing while they are doing it.

Students with weak active working memory skills may have challenges in the following areas:

● Following directions- They may remember only parts of the directions. ● Reading- They may remember only parts of the text making it difficult to formulate complete thoughts and concepts that make sense, even though they are competent readers.

● Math- In a multi-step math problem they made leave out vital parts even though their math skills are strong.

● Studying- They may study for a test and know the information inside and out but may fail the test because they cannot remember the information the next day.

There are ways for students to develop more efficient and effective active working memory capabilities. These include the following:

1. Seek directions in multiple types of formats.

2. Over learn to automaticity.

3. Use visual images.

4. Use graphic organizers especially during teacher lectures.

5. Read actively, notate in the margins; students should use their own books whenever possible.

6. Engage in retrieval practice; for example a student can make up his or her own test when practicing for an assessment.

7. Develop cues to help remember information; for example HOMES cues one to remember the names of the Great Lakes.

8. Prime memory; engage in previewing, front loading and skimming material before learning it. Read the covers of books and consult Cliff Notes for overviews of material.

9. Review immediately before bed. Any task that separates review from sleep negates the consolidation of material into memory.

10. Play card games such as cribbage, Uno, Crazy Eights, War.

For more information about these strategies you may want to check out an article from Reading Rockets titled 10 strategies To Enhance Students’ Memories by Glenda Thorne. The above suggestions come from her article, which includes other information to help understand the role of working memory.

I hope this article provides you with some background on active working memory and its role in learning.